Whether these patterns have an impact in cognitive performance or other mood measurements remains to be seen. Our results provide evidence that binaural beats elicit cross frequency connectivity patterns, but weakly entrain the cortex when compared to a sham stimulus. Despite this, we did not find any mood modulation related to our experimental manipulation. Furthermore, Functional Connectivity patterns were modulated differentially by both kinds of stimuli, with binaural beats being the only one eliciting cross-frequency activity. Both stimuli elicited standard subcortical responses at the pure tone frequencies of the stimulus (i.e., Frequency Following Response), and entrained the cortex at the beat frequency (i.e., Auditory Steady State Response). To do so, we characterized responses to theta and gamma binaural beats and “sham” stimulation (monaural beats) across four distinct levels: subcortical and cortical entrainment, scalp-level Functional Connectivity and self-reports. Here, we sought to address those questions in a robust fashion using a single-blind, sham-controlled protocol. Binaural beats have been attributed to several controversial claims regarding their ability to modulate brain activity and mood, in both the scientific literature and the marketing realm. Binaural beating is a perceptual auditory illusion occurring when presenting two neighboring frequencies to each ear separately.
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